Exclusion cages were used to determine the effect of grazing on algal and invertebrate populations on the reef

Exclusion cages were used to determine the effect of grazing on algal and invertebrate populations on the reef. The carport like extension was used to determine the effect of light reduction on pipe surfaces that were still open to grazing. Pipe surfaces in the cage had distinctly different algal and invertebrate communities than pipes open to grazing.

Photo Category: Coral Reefs - Marine Biologist - Artificial Reef - Diving
Photo Location: Pokai Bay, Oahu
Photo Date: August 1968